Ø  Cancer and Its Symptoms

Cancer is class of disease characterized by uncontrolled division of cells leading to formation of tumour mass.  The tumors may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of body but malignant do. Malignant cells detach from primary tumor and move throughout body using blood or lymphatic stream. At certain point they enter new site of body, expanding and leading to metastasis. There are number of symptoms associated with cancer including abnormal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, lump formation, coughing etc. However, the symptoms depend on location of cancer. Some of the cancer and associated symptoms are given below:

v  Prostate or bladder cancer: Frequent or infrequent urination.

v  Breast cancer: Appearance of lump, pain.

v  Colon cancer: Frequent diarrhoea or constipation.

v  Hepatic or liver cancer: Weight loss, appetite loss, upper abdominal pain,

v  Brain cancer: Seizures, headache, vertigo, numbness.

v  Lung cancer: Coughing and shortness of breath, wheezing, hoarse voice, chest pain.

v  Oral Cancer: White patches inside mouth.

v  Skin Cancer: Change in skin wart or mole.

ؠؠ DIAGNOSIS

Some of the common tests performed by doctors to diagnose cancer are

1.       CT scan

2.       MRI

3.       PET scan

4.       Ultrasound scan

5.       X-ray

6.       Biopsy analysis

Ø  HOW IMMUNOTHERAPY CAN HELP

Our immune system shields us from remote attacking particles like microscopic organisms and infection yet malignancy cells get away from the invulnerable observation because of self and non-outside root. Under dynamic tumour conditions, insusceptible framework is stifled and resistant cells like dendritic cells neglect to develop and create hostile to tumour action. Immunotherapy is a treatment framework where the resistant framework is actuated to perceive and murder tumours inside body. Immunotherapy means to target tumour cells without harming the sound ones and have low or no harmfulness. Dendritic cells are one of the imperative segments of our insusceptible framework and assume essential part in antigen introduction to body invulnerable cells. Late advances in immunotherapeutic zone have prompted the development of dendritic cell based immunotherapeutic. It is a customized growth treatment including patient's own cells presented to malignancy antigens. These cells, when mix back to tolerant, create against tumour reaction. This innovation can be connected to different cancers.

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What are Cancer Biomarkers

The most approaches to analyse cancer early, guide in its visualization, or estimate  remedial reaction, is to utilize serum or tissue biomarkers. Tumour biomarkers can be DNA, mRNA, proteins, metabolites, or procedures, for example, apoptosis, angiogenesis or multiplication. The markers are delivered either by the tumour itself or by different tissues, in light of the nearness of malignancy or other related conditions, for example, irritation. Such biomarkers can be found in an assortment of liquids, tissues and cell lines. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) meaning of biomarker is: "A natural atom found in blood, other body liquids, or tissues  that is an indication of a typical or unusual process, or of a condition or illness. A biomarker might be utilized to perceive how well the body reacts to a treatment for an infection or condition. Likewise  called molecular marker and mark particle." Naturally, a malignancy biomarker relates to any biomarker that fits the previously mentioned definition yet just for growth, and no other sickness As a matter of fact, growth biomarkers are something other than a signal of the infection, and have numerous functions in the battle against disease.

Specifications of Biomarkers

1.      Diagnostic (screening) biomarker

Indicative Biomarker used to distinguish and recognize a given sort of malignancy in a person. These markers are relied upon to have high specificity and affectability; for instance, the nearness of Bence– Jones protein in pee stays one of the most grounded analytic pointers of different myeloma

2.      Prognostic biomarker

This kind of marker is utilized once the infection status has been set up. These biomarkers are relied upon to foresee the likely course of the sickness including its repeat, and they in this way have a vital effect on the forcefulness of treatment. For instance, in testicular teratoma, human chorionic gonadotropin and Alfa-fetoprotein levels can separate two gatherings with various survival rates.

3.      Stratification (predictive) biomarker

This sort of marker serves to anticipate the reaction to a medication before treatment is begun. This marker characterizes people as likely responders or nonresponders to a specific treatment. These biomarkers primarily emerge from cluster compose tests that make it conceivable to anticipate clinical result from the sub-atomic attributes of a patient's tumor.

Cancer biomarker related information

Specificity 

The proportion of control (normal) individuals who test negative for the biomarker.

Sensitivity

The proportion of individuals with confirmed disease who test positive for the biomarker.

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Effects of Cancer on Body.

The physical effect of disease and malignancy medicines may influence your quality of life and feelings in various ways. Individuals who encounter physical manifestations, for example, weariness, agony and sickness, can likewise encounter enthusiastic trouble. To what extent these impacts last fluctuates from individual to individual, yet they can build the danger of creating uneasiness and gloom.

·         Fatigue

Feeling depleted and lacking vitality for everyday exercises is the most widely recognized symptom of growth treatment. This is known as weariness. It varies from ordinary tiredness as it frequently doesn't leave with rest or rest. For instance, when chemotherapy influences red platelets (paleness). It can likewise be caused by the exertion of adapting to the physical and enthusiastic impacts of finding and treatment

·         Pain

Individuals can encounter pain from disease and its treatment. If you are feeling on edge, this can make pain harder to deal with. On the off chance that you are in pain, examine it with your specialist. There are numerous medicines now accessible to help diminish pain.

·         Changes in appetite

Your appetite may change based on physical impact of treatment. A few people lose their hunger, while others eat more. An adjustment in craving can influence you to feel troubled.

·         Changing body image

Cancer medicines, for example, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can make changes your body. Regardless of whether these progressions are impermanent or lasting, they can change the way you feel about yourself (your confidence) and influence you to feel reluctant. You may feel less sure about your identity and what you can do. This is a typical response regardless of whether your body has changed physically.

·         Sleeping problems

Sleep is important to help your body cope with cancer treatment, including physical and emotional aspects. Sleep can be affected by stress, pain (for example, after surgery), hormonal changes such as hot flushes in women who become menopausal, and nausea. As many people are not as physically active during their treatment, their body is not as tired, and they find it harder to sleep. Feeling sad or depressed can also make it difficult to sleep well at night.

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Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. There are a number of types of pancreatic cancer. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 85% of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is sometimes used to refer only to that type.^]These adenocarcinoma start within the part of the pancreas which makes digestive enzymes. Several other types of cancer, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinoma, can also arise from these cells.^[One to two percent of cases of pancreatic cancer are neuroendocrine tumours, which arise from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These are generally less aggressive than pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

·         Signs and symptoms:-

• ·         pancreatic cancer may include yellow skin
• ·         Abdominal or back pain
• ·         Unexplained weight loss
• ·         Light-coloured stools
• ·         Dark urine and loss of appetite

Age of pancreatic cancer onset

Pancreatic cancer rarely occurs before the age of 40, and more than half of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma occur in those over 70.Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare genetic conditions. About 25% of cases are linked to smoking, and 5–10% are linked to inherited genes. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by a combination of medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound or computed tomography, blood tests, and examination of tissue samples (biopsy). The disease is divided into stages, from early (stage I) to late (stage IV).Screening the general population has not been found to be effective.

Risk Involve with Pancreatic Cancer

The risk of developing pancreatic cancer is lower among non-smokers, and people who maintain a healthy weight and limit their consumption of red or processed meat. A smoker's chance of developing the disease decreases if they stop smoking, and almost returns to that of the rest of the population after 20 years. Pancreatic cancer can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care, or a combination of these. Treatment options are partly based on the cancer stage. Surgery is the only treatment that can cure pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and may also be done to improve quality of life without the potential for cure. Pain management and medications to improve digestion are sometimes needed. Early palliative care is recommended even for those receiving treatment that aims for a cure.

In 2015, pancreatic cancers of all types resulted in 411,600 deaths globally. Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most common cause of death from cancer in the United Kingdom, and the fourth most common in the United States. The disease occurs most often in the developed world, where about 70% of the new cases in 2012 originated. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has a very poor prognosis: after diagnosis, 25% of people survive one year and 5% live for five years. For cancers diagnosed early, the five-year survival rate rises to about 20%.Neuroendocrine cancers have better outcomes; at five years from diagnosis, 65% of those diagnosed are living, though survival varies considerably depending on the type of tumor.

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Contribution of  Fatigue to Cancer  patients

Fatigue, in contrast to tiredness, is a daily lack of energy, an unusual or excessive whole-body tiredness not relieved by sleep. It can be acute or chronic. Fatigue can prevent a person from functioning normally and impacts a person's quality of life.

Fatigue is one of the most common side effects of cancer and its treatment. It is not predictable by tumour type, treatment, or stage of illness. Usually, it comes on suddenly, does not result from activity or exertion, and is not relieved by rest or sleep. It often is described as "paralyzing." It may continue even after treatment is complete.

Cancer treatments commonly associated with fatigue include:

• Chemotherapy. Any chemotherapy drug may cause fatigue. Patients frequently experience fatigue after several weeks of chemotherapy, but this varies among patients. In some patients, fatigue lasts a few days, while in others, it persists throughout and after the treatment is complete.
• Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can cause cumulative fatigue (fatigue that increases over time). This can occur regardless of the treatment site. Fatigue usually lasts from three to four weeks after treatment stops, but can continue for up to two to three months.
• Bone marrow transplantation. This aggressive form of treatment can cause fatigue that lasts up to one year.
• Biological therapy. Interferons and interleukins are cytokines, natural cell proteins that are normally released by white blood cells in response to infection. These cytokines carry messages that regulate other elements of the immune and endocrine systems. In high amounts, these cytokines can be toxic and lead to persistent fatigue.
• Combination or sequential therapy. More than one cancer treatmentat the same time or one after the other increases the chances of developing fatigue.

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